Accuracy of dynamic navigation compared to static surgical guides and the freehand approach in implant placement: a prospective clinical study.

BACKGROUND: Computer-guided implant surgery has improved the quality of implant treatment by facilitating the placement of implants in a more accurate manner. This study aimed to assess the accuracy of implant placement in a clinical setting using three techniques: dynamic navigation, static surgical guides, and freehand placement. We also investigated potential factors influencing accuracy to provide a comprehensive evaluation of each technique's advantages and disadvantages. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ninety-four implants in 65 patients were included in this prospective study. Patients were randomly assigned to one of three groups: dynamic navigation, static surgical guides, or freehand placement. Implants were placed using a prosthetically oriented digital implant planning approach, and postoperative CBCT scans were superimposed on preoperative plans to measure accuracy. Seven deviation values were calculated, including angular, platform, and apical deviations. Demographic and consistency analyses were performed, along with one-way ANOVA and post-hoc tests for deviation values. RESULTS: The mean global platform, global apical, and angular deviations were 0.99 mm (SD 0.52), 1.14 mm (SD 0.56), and 3.66° (SD 1.64°) for the dynamic navigation group; 0.92 mm (SD 0.36), 1.06 mm (SD 0.47), and 2.52° (SD 1.18°) for the surgical guide group; and 1.36 mm (SD 0.62), 1.73 mm (SD 0.66), and 5.82° (SD 2.79°) for the freehand group. Both the dynamic navigation and surgical guide groups exhibited statistically significant differences in all values except depth deviations compared to the freehand group (p < 0.05), whereas only the angular deviation showed a significant difference between the dynamic navigation and surgical guide groups (p = 0.002). CONCLUSION: Our findings highlight the superior accuracy and consistency of dynamic navigation and static surgical guides compared to freehand placement in implant surgery. Dynamic navigation offers precision and flexibility. However, it comes with cost and convenience considerations. Future research should focus on improving its practicality. TRIAL REGISTRATION: This study was retrospectively registered at the Thai Clinical Trials Register-Medical Research Foundation of Thailand (MRF) with the TCTR identification number TCTR20230804001 on 04/08/2023. It was also conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the institutional ethics committee at the Xian Jiaotong University Hospital of Stomatology, Xian, China (xjkqII[2021] No: 043). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants.

Accuracy analysis of robotic-assisted immediate implant placement: A retrospective case series.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to investigate the accuracy of a robotic computer-assisted implant surgery (r-CAIS) for immediate implant placement. METHODS: Patients requiring immediate implant placement in the maxillary anterior region were enrolled for r-CAIS. Before surgery, the patients underwent a cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scan with a positioning marker. Virtual implant placement position and drilling sequences were planned. Following spatial registration and calibration, the implants were placed with the robotic system under supervision. A postoperative CBCT was taken to control the actual implant positions. The DICOM data of the virtually planned and the actually placed implant were superimposed and registered through the accuracy verification software of the robotic system. The accuracy was calculated automatically. The deviation at the mesial-distal, labial-palatal, and apico-coronal directions were recorded. RESULTS: Fifteen patients with 20 implants were included. No adverse surgical events or postoperative complications were reported. The global platform, apex, and angular deviation were 0.75 ± 0.20 mm (95 % CI: 0.65 to 0.84 mm), 0.70 ± 0.27 mm (95 % CI: 0.57 to 0.82 mm), and 1.17 ± 0.73° (95 % CI: 0.83 to 1.51°), respectively. Moreover, the vertical platform and apex deviation were 0.50 ± 0.31 mm, (95 % CI: 0.35 to 0.64 mm) and 0.48 ± 0.32 mm, (95 % CI: 0.33 to 0.63 mm), respectively. All the placed implant positions were further labial and apical than the planned ones, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: High accuracy of immediate implant placement was achieved with the robotic system. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Our study provided evidence to support the potential of the robotic system in implant placement, even in challenging scenarios.

A novel approach in biomedical engineering: The use of polyvinyl alcohol hydrogel encapsulating human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes for enhanced osteogenic differentiation and angiogenesis in bone regeneration.

Developing effective methods for alveolar bone defect regeneration is a significant challenge in orthopedics. Exosomes from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (HUMSC-Exos) have shown potential in bone repair but face limitations due to undefined application methods and mechanisms. To address this, HUMSC-Exos were encapsulated in polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) hydrogel (Exo@PVA) to create a novel material for alveolar bone repair. This combination enhanced the osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) more effectively than Exos alone. Additionally, Exo@PVA significantly improved alveolar bone regeneration and defect repair in rats. The microRNA-21-5p (miR-21-5p) in Exo@PVA, identified through the GEO database and analyzed via in silico methods, played a crucial role. miR-21-5p promoted BMSC osteogenic differentiation by inhibiting WWP1-mediated KLF5 ubiquitination and enhanced HUVEC angiogenesis by targeting ATP2B4. These findings underscore the potential of an Exo-based approach with PVA hydrogel scaffolds for bone defect repair, operating through the miR-21-5p/WWP1/ATP2B4 signaling axis.

Tanreqing injection inhibits influenza virus replication by promoting the fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes: An integrated pharmacological study.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Tanreqing injection (TRQ) is widely used, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) injection used in China to treat respiratory infections. Modern pharmacological studies have confirmed that TRQ can protect against influenza viruses. However, the mechanism by which TRQ inhibits influenza viruses remains unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY: To explore the therapeutic effects and possible mechanisms of TRQ inhibition by the influenza virus. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC/Q-TOF MS) was used to determine the chemical composition of TRQ. Isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) were used to define differential proteins related to TRQ inhibition of viruses. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis were performed for functional annotation. For experimental validation, we established an in vitro model of the influenza virus infection by infecting A549 cells with the virus. The detection of the signaling pathway was carried out through qPCR, western blotting,and immunofluorescence. RESULTS: Fifty one components were identified using UPLC/Q-TOF MS. We confirmed the inhibitory effect of TRQ on influenza virus replication in vitro. Ninety nine differentially expressed proteins related to the inhibitory effect of TRQ were identified using iTRAQ. KEGG functional enrichment analysis showed that the TRQ may inhibit influenza virus replication by affecting autophagy. Through network analysis, 29 targets were selected as major targets, and three key targets, HSPA5, PARP1, and GAPDH, may be the TRQ targets affecting autophagy. In vitro experiments showed that TRQ inhibits influenza virus replication by interfering with the expression and localization of STX17 and VAMP8 proteins, thereby promoting the fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes. CONCLUSION: TRQ inhibits influenza virus replication by promoting the fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes. We additionally established potential gene and protein targets which are affected by TRQ. Therefore, our findings provide new therapeutic targets and a foundation further studies on influenza treatment with TRQ.

Prognostic value of ultrasound in early arterial complications post liver transplant.

Liver transplantation is the primary therapeutic intervention for end-stage liver disease. However, vascular complications, particularly those involving the hepatic artery, pose significant risks to patients. The clinical manifestations associated with early arterial complications following liver transplantation are often nonspecific. Without timely intervention, these complications can result in graft failure or patient mortality. Therefore, early diagnosis and the formulation of an optimal treatment plan are imperative. Ultrasound examination remains the predominant imaging modality for detecting complications post liver transplantation. This article comprehensively reviews common causes and clinical presentations of early hepatic artery complications in the post-transplantation period and delineates abnormal sonographic findings for accurate diagnosis of these conditions. Overall, ultrasound offers the advantages of convenience, safety, effectiveness, and non-invasiveness. It enables real-time, dynamic, and precise evaluation, making it the preferred diagnostic method for post-liver transplantation assessments.

N-acetyltransferase 10 regulates alphavirus replication via N4-acetylcytidine (ac4C) modification of the lymphocyte antigen six family member E (LY6E) mRNA.

Epitranscriptomic RNA modifications can regulate the stability of mRNA and affect cellular and viral RNA functions. The N4-acetylcytidine (ac4C) modification in the RNA viral genome was recently found to promote viral replication; however, the mechanism by which RNA acetylation in the host mRNA regulates viral replication remains unclear. To help elucidate this mechanism, the roles of N-acetyltransferase 10 (NAT10) and ac4C during the infection and replication processes of the alphavirus, Sindbis virus (SINV), were investigated. Cellular NAT10 was upregulated, and ac4C modifications were promoted after alphavirus infection, while the loss of NAT10 or inhibition of its N-acetyltransferase activity reduced alphavirus replication. The NAT10 enhanced alphavirus replication as it helped to maintain the stability of lymphocyte antigen six family member E mRNA, which is a multifunctional interferon-stimulated gene that promotes alphavirus replication. The ac4C modification was thus found to have a non-conventional role in the virus life cycle through regulating host mRNA stability instead of viral mRNA, and its inhibition could be a potential target in the development of new alphavirus antivirals.IMPORTANCEThe role of N4-acetylcytidine (ac4C) modification in host mRNA and virus replication is not yet fully understood. In this study, the role of ac4C in the regulation of Sindbis virus (SINV), a prototype alphavirus infection, was investigated. SINV infection results in increased levels of N-acetyltransferase 10 (NAT10) and increases the ac4C modification level of cellular RNA. The NAT10 was found to positively regulate SINV infection in an N-acetyltransferase activity-dependent manner. Mechanistically, the NAT10 modifies lymphocyte antigen six family member E (LY6E) mRNA-the ac4C modification site within the 3'-untranslated region (UTR) of LY6E mRNA, which is essential for its translation and stability. The findings of this study demonstrate that NAT10 regulated mRNA stability and translation efficiency not only through the 5'-UTR or coding sequence but also via the 3'-UTR region. The ac4C modification of host mRNA stability instead of viral mRNA impacting the viral life cycle was thus identified, indicating that the inhibition of ac4C could be a potential target when developing alphavirus antivirals.

Effects of replacing hybrid giant napier with sugarcane bagasse and fermented sugarcane bagasse on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation characteristics, and rumen microorganisms of Simmental crossbred cattle.

This study investigated the effects of replacing hybrid giant napiers with sugarcane bagasse and fermented sugarcane bagasse on the growth performance, apparent nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation characteristics, and rumen microorganisms of Simmental crossbred cattle. Twenty-one Simmental crossbred cattle with similar initial body weight (363.42 ± 8.67 kg) were randomly divided into three groups: Group CON (20% hybrid giant napier +45% distillers grains +35% concentrate mixture), Group SB (20% sugarcane bagasse +45% distillers grains +35% concentrate mixture), and Group FSB (20% fermented sugarcane bagasse +45% distillers grains +35% concentrate mixture). The average daily weight gain in the SB group was lower than in the CON group, no significant difference was found between the CON and FSB groups. The feed conversion ratio of the CON and FSB groups was lower compared to the SB group. The apparent digestibility of neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber in the SB group was lower than in the CON group, no significant difference was found between the CON and FSB groups. The levels of NH3-N, microbial protein, acetate, propionate, butyrate, isobutyrate, and total volatile fatty acids were higher in the CON and FSB groups than in the SB group, no significant difference was found between the CON and FSB groups. The relative abundances of Christensenellaceae_R-7_group, Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group, Prevotellaceae_UCG-003, Saccharofermentans, and Eubacteriumcoprostanoligenes_group were lower in the CON and FSB groups compared to the SB group. The relative abundance of Succiniclasticum was highest in the FSB group, followed by the CON group and then the SB group. Correlation analysis showed that the relative abundance of Succiniclasticum was positively correlated with propionate and NH3-N content, while the relative abundance of Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group was inversely correlated with NH3-N content. Gene function prediction indicated that fermented sugarcane bagasse promoted rumen microbial amino acid metabolism. In conclusion, replacing hybrid giant napiers with 20% sugarcane bagasse negatively affected the growth performance of Simmental crossbred cattle, while the addition of 20% fermented sugarcane bagasse had no adverse effects on growth performance and rumen fermentation characteristics, and did not alter the abundance of the rumen core flora in Simmental crossbred cattle.

PF127 Hydrogel-Based Delivery of Exosomal CTNNB1 from Mesenchymal Stem Cells Induces Osteogenic Differentiation during the Repair of Alveolar Bone Defects.

Pluronic F127 (PF127) hydrogel has been highlighted as a promising biomaterial for bone regeneration, but the specific molecular mechanism remains largely unknown. Herein, we addressed this issue in a temperature-responsive PF127 hydrogel loaded with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs)-derived exosomes (Exos) (PF127 hydrogel@BMSC-Exos) during alveolar bone regeneration. Genes enriched in BMSC-Exos and upregulated during the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs and their downstream regulators were predicted by bioinformatics analyses. CTNNB1 was predicted to be the key gene of BMSC-Exos in the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs, during which miR-146a-5p, IRAK1, and TRAF6 might be the downstream factors. Osteogenic differentiation was induced in BMSCs, in which ectopic expression of CTNNB1 was introduced and from which Exos were isolated. The CTNNB1-enriched PF127 hydrogel@BMSC-Exos were constructed and implanted into in vivo rat models of alveolar bone defects. In vitro experiment data showed that PF127 hydrogel@BMSC-Exos efficiently delivered CTNNB1 to BMSCs, which subsequently promoted the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs, as evidenced by enhanced ALP staining intensity and activity, extracellular matrix mineralization (p < 0.05), and upregulated RUNX2 and OCN expression (p < 0.05). Functional experiments were conducted to examine the relationships among CTNNB1, microRNA (miR)-146a-5p, and IRAK1 and TRAF6. Mechanistically, CTNNB1 activated miR-146a-5p transcription to downregulate IRAK1 and TRAF6 (p < 0.05), which induced the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs and facilitated alveolar bone regeneration in rats (increased new bone formation and elevated BV/TV ratio and BMD, all with p < 0.05). Collectively, CTNNB1-containing PF127 hydrogel@BMSC-Exos promote the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs by regulating the miR-146a-5p/IRAK1/TRAF6 axis, thus inducing the repair of alveolar bone defects in rats.

An algal lectin griffithsin inhibits Hantaan virus infection in vitro and in vivo.

Hantaan virus (HTNV) is the etiological pathogen of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in East Asia. There are currently no effective therapeutics approved for HTNV and other hantavirus infections. We found that griffithsin (GRFT), an algae-derived lectin with broad-spectrum antiviral activity against various enveloped viruses, can inhibit the growth and spread of HTNV. In vitro experiments using recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (rVSV) with HTNV glycoproteins as a model revealed that the GRFT inhibited the entry of rVSV-HTNV-G into host cells. In addition, we demonstrated that GRFT prevented authentic HTNV infection in vitro by binding to the viral N-glycans. In vivo experiments showed that GRFT partially protected the suckling mice from death induced by intracranial exposure to HTNV. These results demonstrated that GRFT can be a promising agent for inhibiting HTNV infection.

Structural variation and evolution of chloroplast tRNAs in green algae.

As one of the important groups of the core Chlorophyta (Green algae), Chlorophyceae plays an important role in the evolution of plants. As a carrier of amino acids, tRNA plays an indispensable role in life activities. However, the structural variation of chloroplast tRNA and its evolutionary characteristics in Chlorophyta species have not been well studied. In this study, we analyzed the chloroplast genome tRNAs of 14 species in five categories in the green algae. We found that the number of chloroplasts tRNAs of Chlorophyceae is maintained between 28-32, and the length of the gene sequence ranges from 71 nt to 91 nt. There are 23-27 anticodon types of tRNAs, and some tRNAs have missing anticodons that are compensated for by other types of anticodons of that tRNA. In addition, three tRNAs were found to contain introns in the anti-codon loop of the tRNA, but the analysis scored poorly and it is presumed that these introns are not functional. After multiple sequence alignment, the Ψ-loop is the most conserved structural unit in the tRNA secondary structure, containing mostly U-U-C-x-A-x-U conserved sequences. The number of transitions in tRNA is higher than the number of transversions. In the replication loss analysis, it was found that green algal chloroplast tRNAs may have undergone substantial gene loss during the course of evolution. Based on the constructed phylogenetic tree, mutations were found to accompany the evolution of the Green algae chloroplast tRNA. Moreover, chloroplast tRNAs of Chlorophyceae are consistent with those of monocotyledons and gymnosperms in terms of evolutionary patterns, sharing a common multi-phylogenetic pattern and rooted in a rich common ancestor. Sequence alignment and systematic analysis of tRNA in chloroplast genome of Chlorophyceae, clarified the characteristics and rules of tRNA changes, which will promote the evolutionary relationship of tRNA and the origin and evolution of chloroplast.

Simultaneous Temperature and Strain Measurements Using Polarization-Maintaining Few-Mode Bragg Gratings.

Simultaneous measurement of temperature and strain was demonstrated using a polarization-maintaining few-mode Bragg grating (PM-FMF-FBG) based on the wavelength and phase modulation of the even L P 11 mode. The wavelength shift sensitivity and the interrogated phase sensitivity of the temperature and strain were measured to be 10 pm·°C-1 and 0.73 pm·µÎµ-1 and -3.2 × 10-2 rad·°C-1 and 4 × 10-4 rad·µÎµ-1, respectively, with a discrimination efficiency of 98%. The polarization interference led to selective polarization excitation of the reflection spectra, and the calculated phase sensitivity agreed with the experimental results.

Measurement of effective nonlinear coefficients in few-mode fibers.

Because of random mode coupling, the nonlinear coefficient in few-mode fibers (FMFs) is averaged to an effective value, which can be theoretically modeled and calculated by using the multi-mode Manakov equations. In this Letter, we experimentally measure the effective nonlinear coefficients in a 530-m-long FMF supporting two mode groups, namely, the $ {\rm LP}_{01} $LP01 and $ {\rm LP}_{11} $LP11 mode groups, by exploiting the self-phase and cross-phase modulations of pulsed fields. By using the nonlinear coefficient of the $ {\rm LP}_{01} $LP01 mode as a reference and comparing the spectral broadening of the pulsed fields, we obtain the intra-modal effective nonlinear coefficient of the $ {\rm LP}_{11} $LP11 mode and the inter-modal effective nonlinear coefficient between the $ {\rm LP}_{01} $LP01 and $ {\rm LP}_{11} $LP11 modes. The experimental results are in good agreement with the theoretical predictions of the multi-mode Manakov equations.

Investigation of the Pressure Gain Characteristics and Cycle Performance in Gas Turbines Based on Interstage Bleeding Rotating Detonation Combustion.

To further improve the cycle performance of gas turbines, a gas turbine cycle model based on interstage bleeding rotating detonation combustion was established using methane as fuel. Combined with a series of two-dimensional numerical simulations of a rotating detonation combustor (RDC) and calculations of cycle parameters, the pressure gain characteristics and cycle performance were investigated at different compressor pressure ratios in the study. The results showed that pressure gain characteristic of interstage bleeding RDC contributed to an obvious performance improvement in the rotating detonation gas turbine cycle compared with the conventional gas turbine cycle. The decrease of compressor pressure ratio had a positive influence on the performance improvement in the rotating detonation gas turbine cycle. With the decrease of compressor pressure ratio, the pressurization ratio of the RDC increased and finally made the power generation and cycle efficiency enhancement rates display uptrends. Under the calculated conditions, the pressurization ratios of RDC were all higher than 1.77, the decreases of turbine inlet total temperature were all more than 19 K, the power generation enhancements were all beyond 400 kW and the cycle efficiency enhancement rates were all greater than 6.72%.

[Research on the intervention of Yishen Huoxue prescription to renal fibrosis through the signal regulation by microRNA-126 to VEGF-Notch].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the molecular mechanism of Yishen Huoxue prescription in delaying the development of renal fibrosis by regulating the microRNA-126/vascular endothelial growth factor-Notch (miR-126/VEGF-Notch) signaling pathway. METHODS: Ninety male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into sham operation group (sham group), unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) model group, losartan group (50 mg×kg-1×d-1) and high, medium and low doses Yishen Huoxue prescription group (25.2, 12.6, 6.3 mL/kg). Each treatment group began to administer drugs by gavage on the day when UUO modeling was finished until the end of the experiment. Left renal tissues of rats were harvested after 7, 14 and 21 days postoperatively. The pathological changes of renal tissue were observed after hematoxylin and eosin (HE) and Masson staining under the microscope, and the renal fibrosis score was calculated. The mRNA expressions of renal tissues miR-126, VEGFA, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2), Notch1 were detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RESULTS: (1) Pathology results: the kidney tissue of sham group was normal. In UUO model group, renal tubules expanded and inflammatory cells in renal interstitium increased; renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis could be seen 7 days after operation, and the degree of fibrosis was gradually increased with time. The renal fibrosis score at each time point after operation in UUO model group was significantly higher than that in sham group. Compared with UUO model group, each treatment group were improved the degree of renal swelling and atrophy of renal parenchyma; the score of renal fibrosis were significantly decreased in the middle and high doses Yishen Huoxue prescription group and losartan group at the 7th day after operation (1.00±1.00, 0.91±0.58, 1.01±0.58 vs. 2.00±0.00, all P < 0.01); but there was no significant difference between low dose Yishen Huoxue prescription group and UUO model group. (2) RT-PCR results: Compared with sham group, the mRNA expressions of miR-126, VEGFA, VEGFR-2 and Notch1 in renal tissues were significantly increased at each time point after operation in UUO model group. Compared with the UUO model group, the mRNA expressions of miR-126, VEGFA, VEGFR-2 and Notch1 in renal tissue of 7 days postoperatively in the middle and high doses Yishen Huoxue prescription group and the losartan group were significantly increased [miR-126 (2-ΔΔCt): 0.465±0.067, 0.639±0.092, 0.404±0.069 vs. 0.132±0.021; VEGFA (2-ΔΔCt): 0.024±0.005, 0.027±0.007, 0.023±0.006 vs. 0.014±0.006; VEGFR-2 (2-ΔΔCt): 0.021±0.007, 0.023±0.008, 0.019±0.007 vs. 0.012±0.004; Notch1 (2-ΔΔCt): 0.017±0.004, 0.020±0.005, 0.018±0.005 vs. 0.007±0.004; all P < 0.05]; compared with the losartan group, the mRNA expressions of each index in the middle and high doses Yishen Huoxue prescription group were increased at all the time points, but there was no significant difference between them (all P > 0.05). There was no significant difference in mRNA expression of each index between low dose Yishen Huoxue prescription group and UUO model group. CONCLUSIONS: The medium and high doses of Yishen Huoxue prescription can effectively antagonize renal fibrosis. Yishen Huoxue prescription may use up-regulation the signaling pathways of miR-126/VEGF-Notch to mediate renal microvascular newly born, eventually to improve renal microvascular damage and delay the development of renal fibrosis progression.

Contrast-enhanced transthoracic echocardiography applied in evaluation of pulmonary right-to-left shunt: A preliminary study.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the detection rate of patent foramen ovale-right to left shunt (PFO-RLS) and/or pulmonary-right to left shunt (P-RLS) via contrast-enhanced transthoracic echocardiography (c-TTE) in healthy participants, patients suffering from cryptogenic stroke and migraine with aura. METHODS: Initially, 20 healthy volunteers, 21 cases with cryptogenic stroke, and 18 cases with migraine aura were randomly selected, and all of them received c-TTE and transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) examinations. First of all, 0.9% sodium chloride solution was rapidly injected into upper extremiry vein, when these volunteers and patients were at rest or following a Valsalva maneuver with 40 mm Hg pressure exerted against a manometer. Secondly, c-TTE detection was carried out in order to distinguish PFO-RLS and P-RLS and make semi-quantitative classification of RLS from many different sources, according to the occurrence and duration time of microvesicles in left atrial after the developing of left atrium. In terms of c-TTE analyses, RLS could be diagnosed when micro bubbles were visualized in transition from the right atrium to the left atrium. Particularly, a small amounts of RLS was 1 level, indicating 1-10 microvesicles per frame could be seen in left atrium, moderate amounts of RLS was 2 level, indicating 11-30 microvesicles per frame could be seen in left atrium, and a large amounts of RLS was 3 level, indicating more than 30 microvesicles per frame, or the left atrium is filled with micro vesicles. RESULTS: A total of 20 healthy adult volunteers were identified into this research. RLS was detected in 7 cases, according to c-TTE method (7/20, 35%). In detail, 3 participants suffered from PFO-RLS and P-RSL (3/20, 15%) simultaneously, 5 cases suffered from PFO-RLS (5/20, 25%), and 5 cases suffered from P-RLS (5/20, 25%). Among 21 patients with cryptogenic stroke, RLS was detected in 14 cases, according to cTTE method (14/20, 67%), and then compared with healthy participants group, the difference between them was significant (χ2 = 4.11, P = 0.04). Specifically, 2 participants suffered from PFO-RLS and P-RSL (2/21, 9.5%), 11 cases suffered from PFO-RLS (11/21, 52.4%), and 5 cases suffered from P-RLS (5/21, 23.8%). Among 21 patients suffering from migraine with aura, RLS was detected in 13 cases, according to c-TTE method (13/18, 72%), and then compared with healthy participants group, the difference of detection rate between them was significant (χ2 = 5.2, P = 0.02). In detail, 3 participants suffered from PFO-RLS and P-RSL (3/18, 16.7%), 8 cases suffered from PFO-RLS (8/18, 44.4%), and 8 cases suffered from P-RLS (8/18, 44.4%). In addition, the grading of PFO-RLS in patients suffering from cryptogenic stroke and migraine with aura was mostly grade 2-grade 3. On the contrary, the grading of PFO-RLS in healthy adult volunteers was mostly grade 1-2. Besides, the semi-quantitative grading of P-RLS in each group was mostly grade 1 to grade 2, and difference between healthy volunteer group and cryptogenic stroke group was significant (Z = -2.77, P = 0.006). CONCLUSION: P-RLS with lower semiquantitative grade is common in healthy individuals, patients with cryptogenic stroke and migraine aura. And P-RLS can be considered as a significant influencing factor in the pathogenesis of migraine with aura.

21 spatial mode erbium-doped fiber amplifier for mode division multiplexing transmission.

We experimentally demonstrate a 12-mode group (21 spatial mode) cladding-pumped few-mode erbium-doped fiber amplifier. The differential modal gain (DMG) is dramatically reduced by using the double cladding erbium-doped fiber (DC-EDF) with a refractive index trench structure, which helps to tightly confine all 21 spatial modes in the core and to mitigate the bending loss. Our experimental results show that the DMG gain is about 3 dB when the average signal modal gain for all 12 mode groups is up to 15 dB across the C-band. Our method of using a DC-EDF with a properly designed trench structure can be used to develop gain equalized few-mode amplifiers supporting more spatial modes.

Experiment and Artificial Neural Network Prediction of Thermal Conductivity and Viscosity for Alumina-Water Nanofluids.

To effectively predict the thermal conductivity and viscosity of alumina (Al2O3)-water nanofluids, an artificial neural network (ANN) approach was investigated in the present study. Firstly, using a two-step method, four Al2O3-water nanofluids were prepared respectively by dispersing different volume fractions (1.31%, 2.72%, 4.25%, and 5.92%) of nanoparticles with the average diameter of 30 nm. On this basis, the thermal conductivity and viscosity of the above nanofluids were analyzed experimentally under various temperatures ranging from 296 to 313 K. Then a radial basis function (RBF) neural network was constructed to predict the thermal conductivity and viscosity of Al2O3-water nanofluids as a function of nanoparticle volume fraction and temperature. The experimental results showed that both nanoparticle volume fraction and temperature could enhance the thermal conductivity of Al2O3-water nanofluids. However, the viscosity only depended strongly on Al2O3 nanoparticle volume fraction and was increased slightly by changing temperature. In addition, the comparative analysis revealed that the RBF neural network had an excellent ability to predict the thermal conductivity and viscosity of Al2O3-water nanofluids with the mean absolute percent errors of 0.5177% and 0.5618%, respectively. This demonstrated that the ANN provided an effective way to predict the thermophysical properties of nanofluids with limited experimental data.

Transformation of erythromycin during secondary effluent soil aquifer recharging: Removal contribution and degradation path.

Erythromycin (ERY), a widely used antibiotic, has recently been detected in municipal secondary effluents and poses serious threats to human health during wastewater reusing. In this study, the removal, fate, and degradation pathway of ERY in secondary effluent during soil aquifer treatment was evaluated via laboratory-scale SAT tests. Up to a 92.9% reduction of ERY in synthetic secondary effluent was observed in 1.0m depth column system, which decreased to 64.7% when recharged with wastewater treatment plant secondary effluent. XRD-fractionation results demonstrated that the transphilic acid and hydrophobic acid fractions in secondary effluent compete for the adsorption sites of the packed soil and lead to a declined ERY removal. Moreover, aerobic biodegradation was the predominant role for ERY removal, contributing more than 60% reduction of ERY when recharged with synthetic secondary effluent. Destruction of 14-member macrocyclic lactone ring and breakdown of two cyclic sugars (l-cladinose and d-desosamine) were main removal pathways for ERY degradation, and produced six new intermediates.

Influences of Schneiderian membrane conditions on the early outcomes of osteotome sinus floor elevation technique: a prospective cohort study in the healing period.

OBJECTIVES: To radiographically investigate early outcomes of osteotome sinus floor elevation in the healing phase utilizing cone beam computed tomography and evaluate influences of Schneiderian membrane conditions. MATERIAL AND METHODS: One hundred patients were consecutively recruited for osteotome sinus floor elevation (OSFE) surgery using deproteinized bone mineral. CBCT was taken prior to (T0), immediately post-operatively (T1), and after the healing period (T2). Linear and volumetric measurements of the elevated region from T0 to T1 were performed for evaluation on computed tomography (CT). RESULTS: Osteotome sinus floor elevation were performed in 100 patients. One implant of each patient was selected. Mean residual bone height (RH) was 7.21 ± 1.12 mm. Mean sinus floor elevation height (SE) was 4.81 ± 0.75 mm. The mean endo-sinus bone gain after the healing period was 3.25 ± 0.83 mm. Pre-opterative CBCT scans revealed that 72 patients had a normal sinus membrane in osteotome region, 13 patients presented with flat thickened mucosa and 15 patients with antral pseudocysts. There is no significant difference in sinus mucosa elevation height, bone graft volume and new bone formation in group of Thickening membrane and Antral pseudocysts compared with normal. CONCLUSIONS: The radiographical results show that OSFE is a safe and predictable surgical procedure in residual bone height of 7.21 ± 1.12 mm. Mild flat thickening (>2 and <5 mm) and antral pseudocysts in a small size without clinical symptoms may not be contraindications to OSFE surgery.

Adsorption of Cu2+ and Zn2+ by extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in different sludges: Effect of EPS fractional polarity on binding mechanism.

Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in sludge samples played a major role in heavy metals removal during wastewater treatment. In this study, the binding quality, adsorption mechanism, as well as the chemical fractional contribution of the sludge EPS from activated sludge, anaerobic granular sludge and anaerobic flocculent sludge to the adsorption of Zn2+ and Cu2+ was investigated. For all three sludge samples, Cu2+ could be more easily adsorbed than Zn2+, and EPS extracted from the anaerobic granular sludge exhibited a relatively higher adsorption capacity than that of anaerobic flocculent sludge and activated sludge. Specifically, hydrophobic EPS of the activated sludge and anaerobic flocculent sludge was more efficient in adsorbing Cu2+ and Zn2+ than that of the hydrophilic EPS. However, hydrophilic EPS in anaerobic granular sludge played a greater role in heavy metals removal. The adsorption of those two heavy metals onto the unfractionated and hydrophobic EPS could be better described by the Langmuir isotherm, while Freundlich models fitted hydrophilic EPS. In addition, the effect of the heavy metals adsorption on the spectrum characteristics of the sludge EPS was also explored by analysis of FT-IR and fluorescent spectra.